↑ Judah, Tim (23 tháng 9 năm 2001). “Profile: Mohamed Zahir Shah”. The Guardian. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 25 tháng 8 năm 2013. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 3 năm 2008.
↑ Kakar, Mohammed (3 tháng 3 năm 1997). The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-20893-3. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 6 tháng 1 năm 2017. Truy cập ngày 7 tháng 1 năm 2017. The Afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower. Large numbers of Afghans were killed to suppress resistance to the army of the Soviet Union, which wished to vindicate its client regime and realize its goal in Afghanistan.
↑ Klass, Rosanne (1994). The Widening Circle of Genocide. Transaction Publishers. tr. 129. ISBN978-1-4128-3965-5. During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule, an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies- the four Communist regimes in Kabul, and the East Germans, Bulgarians, Czechs, Cubans, Palestinians, Indians and others who assisted them. These were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare. Soviet and local Communist forces seldom attacked the scattered guerilla bands of the Afghan Resistance except, in a few strategic locales like the Panjsher valley. Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population, primarily in the rural areas.
↑ Reisman, W. Michael; Norchi, Charles H. “Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan” (PDF). Lưu trữ (PDF) bản gốc ngày 26 tháng 10 năm 2016. Truy cập ngày 7 tháng 1 năm 2017. According to widely reported accounts, substantial programmes of depopulation have been conducted in these Afghan provinces: Ghazni, Nagarhar, Lagham, Qandahar, Zabul, Badakhshan, Lowgar, Paktia, Paktika and Kunar...There is considerable evidence that genocide has been committed against the Afghan people by the combined forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.
↑ Haroon, Sana (2008). “The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 18 (1): 66–67. JSTOR27755911.
1 2 3 4 Amin Saikal (13 tháng 11 năm 2004). Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival (ấn bản 1). I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., London New York. tr. 352. ISBN1-85043-437-9.
↑ GUTMAN, Roy (2008): How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan, Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace, 1st ed., Washington D.C.
↑ “II. BACKGROUND”. Human Rights Watch. Lưu trữ bản gốc ngày 2 tháng 11 năm 2008. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 12 năm 2016.
1 2 Amin Saikal (13 tháng 11 năm 2004). Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival (ấn bản 1). I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., London New York. tr. 352. ISBN1-85043-437-9.
↑ Nasir, Abbas (18 tháng 8 năm 2015). “The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul”. Al Jazeera. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 3 tháng 1 năm 2017. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 1 năm 2017. His commitment to jihad – to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries, was such that he dreamed one day the "green Islamic flag" would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian republics. After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, as the director-general of the Pakistan's intelligence organisation, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate, an impatient Gul wanted to establish a government of the so-called Mujahideen on Afghan soil. He then ordered an assault using non-state actors on Jalalabad, the first major urban centre across the Khyber Pass from Pakistan, with the aim capturing it and declaring it as the seat of the new administration.
↑ Forsythe, David P. (2009). Encyclopedia of human rights . Oxford University Press. tr. 2. ISBN978-0-19-533402-9. In 1994 the Taliban was created, funded and inspired by Pakistan
↑ Jones, Owen Bennett (2003). Pakistan: eye of the storm. Yale University Press. tr. 240. ISBN978-0-300-15475-7. The ISI's undemocratic tendencies are not restricted to its interference in the electoral process. The organisation also played a major role in creating the Taliban movement.
↑ Randal, Jonathan (2005). Osama: The Making of a Terrorist. I.B.Tauris. tr. 26. ISBN978-1-84511-117-5. Pakistan had all but invented the Taliban, the so-called Koranic students
↑ Peiman, Hooman (2003). Falling Terrorism and Rising Conflicts. Greenwood. tr. 14. ISBN978-0-275-97857-0. Pakistan was the main supporter of the Taliban since its military intelligence, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) formed the group in 1994
↑ Hilali, A. Z. (2005). US-Pakistan relationship: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Ashgate. tr. 248. ISBN978-0-7546-4220-6.
↑ Rumer, Boris Z. (2002). Central Asia: a gathering storm?. M.E. Sharpe. tr. 103. ISBN978-0-7656-0866-6.
↑ Boase, Roger (2010). Islam and Global Dialogue: Religious Pluralism and the Pursuit of Peace. Ashgate. tr. 85. ISBN978-1-4094-0344-9. Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence agency used the students from these madrassas, the Taliban, to create a favourable regime in Afghanistan
↑ Schmetzer, Uli (14 tháng 9 năm 1998). “Iran Raises Anti-pakistan Outcry”. Chicago Tribune. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 5 tháng 1 năm 2017. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 1 năm 2017. KARACHI, Pakistan — Iran, which has amassed 200,000 troops on the border with Afghanistan, accused Pakistan on Sunday of sending warplanes to strafe and bombard Afghanistan's last Shiite stronghold, which fell hours earlier to the Taliban, the Sunni militia now controlling the central Asian country.
↑ Constable, Pamela (16 tháng 9 năm 1998). “Afghanistan: Arena For a New Rivalry”. The Washington Post. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 5 tháng 2 năm 2017. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 1 năm 2017. Taliban officials accused Iran of providing military support to the opposition forces; Tehran radio accused Pakistan of sending its air force to bomb the city in support of the Taliban's advance and said Iran was holding Pakistan responsible for what it termed war crimes at Bamiyan. Pakistan has denied that accusation and previous allegations of direct involvement in the Afghan conflict. Also fueling the volatile situation are ethnic and religious rivalries between the Taliban, who are Sunni Muslims of Afghanistan's dominant Pashtun ethnic group, and the opposition factions, many of which represent other ethnic groups or include Shiite Muslims. Iran, a Shiite Muslim state, has a strong interest in promoting that sect; Pakistan, one of the Taliban's few international allies, is about 80 percent Sunni.
↑ McGrath, Kevin (2011). Confronting Al-Qaeda. Naval Institute Press. tr. 138. ISBN978-1-59114-503-5. the Pakistani military's Inter-services Intelligence Directorate (IsI) provided assistance to the Taliban, to include its military and al Qaeda–related terrorist training camps
